PHP function calls have quite some overhead
Apparently $array === (array) $array is significantly faster than is_array($array) for very small arrays. I have posted a detailed benchmark script which seems to concur: for approximately 40-50 bytes, like an array containing 5-6 integers (I am on 64 bit) or 5-6 of 8 byte strings this tricky is definitely faster. For anything larger, the function call overhead seems to be smaller than the variable copy, cast, identity comparison time.
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At the language shootout
At the language shootout (http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/), I looked at the binary trees benchmark in PHP. Moving the check for whether a node is a leaf node or not into the calling function cut the number of function calls in half, and reduced execution time by 35%.
Or in other words, for what amounts to basically doing nothing but traversing a binary tree, the overhead from making the recursive function call accounts for about 70% (!!!) of total execution time.
Function calls in PHP remain the most expensive of just about any mainstream language: http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/u32/benchmark.php?test=binarytrees&lan...
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